Articles
Scott Altman, “Hiring and Firing Based on Political Views” (2025) USC Law Legal Studies Paper No. 2508, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5135350
Daniel J. Paré & Charles Smith, “Free to express yourself online while off-duty? Tracing jurisdictional expressions of shifting workplace boundaries in Canada” (2023), 26 Information, Communication & Society 2304
Amanda Clarke & Benjamin Piper, “A Legal Framework to Govern Online Political Expression by Public Servants” (2018), 21 Canadian Labour and Employment Law Journal 1.
D. Mangan, “Online Speech and the Workplace: Public Right, Private Regulation” (2017-18) 39 Comparative Labour Law and Policy Journal 357.
William Pentney, Discrimination and the Law, (Toronto: Thomson Reuters Canada, 2020). Online: Westlaw Canada — Chapter 10 V. Political Opinion, Belief, Convictions. [comprehensive overview of scope in current law]
Court Cases
Five criteria establishing political belief was from Pozsar v. City of Maple Ridge 2018 BCHRT 107, para. 34 < https://canlii.ca/t/hs3bx>
Bratzer v. Victoria Police Department , 2016 BCHRT 50 , para. 274 addresses how restricting the modes of expressing political belief may constitute discrimination < https://canlii.ca/t/gpm62>
The discussion around “political point of view” or “mere political opinion” not being protected by Creed in Ontario, while “a political perspective such as Communism” might fall under “an exception left undetermined” can be found in Vezina v. Elections Ontario 2016 HRTO 994, para. 11 < https://canlii.ca/t/gsq31>
Jamieson v Victoria Native Friendship Centre, 1994 CanLII 18447 (BCHRT) -- this is the case that opens up the definition of political belief and departs from PEI's definition
Wali v Jace Holdings, 2012 BCHRT 389
Ross v. New Brunswick,1996 CanLII 237 (SCC) This was argued under the Charter, but it is an SCC case that contends with competing rights.
Protected Grounds in Human Rights Law in Canada
For an overview of protected grounds and areas across Canada, the CCDI prepared a document with an overview of every Human Rights Commission in Canada here: https://ccdi.ca/media/1414/20171102-publications-overview-of-hr-codes-by-province-final-en.pdf. It only includes information as of October 17, 2017.
Books
Gabriel Blouin-Genest, Marie-Christine Doran, and Sylvie Paquerot, Human Rights as Battlefields: Changing Practices and Contestations. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.